Not a fact anymore

The Earth is flat, and its broad surface remains suspended because the air beneath it supports it.

What we know now

Earth is an oblate spheroid: nearly spherical, slightly flattened at the poles, and held together by gravity rather than supported by air beneath a flat surface.

Why it changed

By Aristotle's time, astronomical and physical arguments favored a spherical Earth. He pointed to Earth's curved shadow during lunar eclipses and to changes in the visible stars as observers traveled north or south.

Status
Overturned
Category
Astronomy
Accepted for
Not quantified
Accepted approximately
Several Presocratic natural philosophers in the 6th–5th centuries BCE
Changed approximately
By the 4th century BCE in Greek learned astronomy

The historically interesting flat-Earth story is much older than Columbus.

Aristotle records that Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Democritus explained Earth’s stability by its flatness. In their model, the broad Earth covered the air beneath it “like a lid”; trapped air could support a large flat body and keep it from falling. The model was an attempt to solve a physical problem: if unsupported objects fall, why does the whole Earth remain at rest?

By the fourth century BCE, Greek learned astronomy contained powerful arguments for a spherical Earth. Aristotle appealed to the curved outline of Earth’s shadow during lunar eclipses and to the fact that different stars became visible after relatively small north–south journeys. He also argued that heavy material naturally converges toward a common center.

This card therefore does not support the later story that educated medieval Europeans thought Earth was flat until Columbus. The genuine scholarly flat-Earth models belong much earlier, inside a period when Greek thinkers were actively arguing among competing natural explanations.

Evidence

Sources and what they establish

Previous belief

  • On the Heavens, Book IIAristotle / Internet Classics Archive

    Primary text recording flat-Earth models attributed to Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Democritus and their air-support explanation.

Historical context

  • On the Heavens, Book IIAristotle / Internet Classics Archive

    The same text gives classical arguments for a spherical Earth, including lunar-eclipse shadows and changes in visible stars with latitude.

Current evidence

  • What Is Earth? (Grades 5-8)NASA

    Explains modern measurements of Earth's shape and notes that ancient Greeks had already established that Earth is round.

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